NOTES
The sun’s heat causes evaporation of water on the earth. When the water vapour cools down, it condenses and forms clouds. From there, it may fall on the land or sea in the form of rain, snow or sleet.
• The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land to known as the water cycle.
• Our earth is like a terrarium. The same water that existed centuries ago still exists today.
• The major source of fresh water are the rivers, ponds, springs and glaciers.
• The ocean bodies and the seas contain salty water. The water of the oceans is salty or saline as it contains large amounts of dissolved salts. Most of the salt is sodium chloride or the common table salt that we eat.
• Distribution of Water Bodies:
(i) About three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered by water. Yet, many countries face scarcity of water, as all water is not available to us.
(ii) The following table gives the distribution of water on the earth in percentage:
Sources Percentage Oceans 97.3 Saline Water Ice-caps 02.0 Fresh water Ground water 0.68 Fresh water lakes 0.009 Inland seas and salt lakes 0.009 Atmosphere 0.0019 Rivers 0.0001
(iii) Water is absolutely essential for survival. It only can quench our thirst.
• Movements:
(i) Unlike the calm waters of ponds and lakes, ocean water keeps moving continuously.
(ii) The movements which occur in oceans are of three types: waves, tides and currents.
• Waves:
(i) When the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls alternately, they are called waves.
(ii) During a storm, the winds blowing at very high speed form huge waves. These may cause tremendous destruction.
(iii) An earthquake, a volcanic eruption or underwater landslides can shift large amounts of ocean water. As a result a huge tidal wave called tsunami, that may be as high as 15m, is formed. The largest tsunami ever measured was 150m high. These waves travel at a speed of more than 700 km. per hour. The tsunami of 2004 caused wide spread damage in the coastal areas of India.
• Tides:
(i) The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is called a tide.
(ii) It is high tide when water covers much of the shore by rising to its highest level. It is low tide when water falls to its lowest level and recedes from the shore.
(iii) Tides are are two types: spring tides and neap tides.
- The strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth’s surface causes the tides.
- The water of the earth closer to the moon gets pulled under the influence of the moon’s gravitational force and causes high tide.
- During the full moon and new moon days, the sun, the moon and the earth are in the same line and the tides are highest. These tides are called spring tides.
- When the moon is in its first and last quarter, the ocean waters get drawn in diagonally opposite directions by the gravitational pull of sun and earth resulting in low tides. These tides are called neap tides.
(iv) High tides help in navigation. They raise the water level close to the shores. This helps the ships to arrive at the harbour more easily. The high tides also help in fishing. The rise and fall of water due to tides is being used to generate electricity in some places.
• Ocean Currents:
(i) Ocean currents are streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions.
(ii) Ocean currents are of two types, warm and cold. Generally, the warm ocean currents originate near the equator and move towards the poles. The cold currents carry water from polar or higher latitudes to tropical or lower latitudes.
(iii) The Labrador ocean current is a cold current, while the Gulf Stream is a warm current.
(iv) The ocean currents influence the temperature conditions of the area. Warm currents bring about warm temperature over land surface.
(v) The areas where the warm and cold currents meet provide the best fishing grounds of the world. Seas around Japan and the eastern coast of North America are such examples.
(vi)The areas where a warm and cold current meet also experience foggy weather making it difficult for navigation.
The sun’s heat causes evaporation of water on the earth. When the water vapour cools down, it condenses and forms clouds. From there, it may fall on the land or sea in the form of rain, snow or sleet.
• The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land to known as the water cycle.
• Our earth is like a terrarium. The same water that existed centuries ago still exists today.
• The major source of fresh water are the rivers, ponds, springs and glaciers.
• The ocean bodies and the seas contain salty water. The water of the oceans is salty or saline as it contains large amounts of dissolved salts. Most of the salt is sodium chloride or the common table salt that we eat.
• Distribution of Water Bodies:
(i) About three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered by water. Yet, many countries face scarcity of water, as all water is not available to us.
(ii) The following table gives the distribution of water on the earth in percentage:
| Sources | Percentage | |
| Oceans | 97.3 | Saline Water |
| Ice-caps | 02.0 | Fresh water |
| Ground water | 0.68 | |
| Fresh water lakes | 0.009 | |
| Inland seas and salt lakes | 0.009 | |
| Atmosphere | 0.0019 | |
| Rivers | 0.0001 |
(iii) Water is absolutely essential for survival. It only can quench our thirst.
• Movements:
(i) Unlike the calm waters of ponds and lakes, ocean water keeps moving continuously.
(ii) The movements which occur in oceans are of three types: waves, tides and currents.
• Waves:
(i) When the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls alternately, they are called waves.
(ii) During a storm, the winds blowing at very high speed form huge waves. These may cause tremendous destruction.
(iii) An earthquake, a volcanic eruption or underwater landslides can shift large amounts of ocean water. As a result a huge tidal wave called tsunami, that may be as high as 15m, is formed. The largest tsunami ever measured was 150m high. These waves travel at a speed of more than 700 km. per hour. The tsunami of 2004 caused wide spread damage in the coastal areas of India.
• Tides:
(i) The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is called a tide.
(ii) It is high tide when water covers much of the shore by rising to its highest level. It is low tide when water falls to its lowest level and recedes from the shore.
(iii) Tides are are two types: spring tides and neap tides.
- The strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth’s surface causes the tides.
- The water of the earth closer to the moon gets pulled under the influence of the moon’s gravitational force and causes high tide.
- During the full moon and new moon days, the sun, the moon and the earth are in the same line and the tides are highest. These tides are called spring tides.
- When the moon is in its first and last quarter, the ocean waters get drawn in diagonally opposite directions by the gravitational pull of sun and earth resulting in low tides. These tides are called neap tides.
(iv) High tides help in navigation. They raise the water level close to the shores. This helps the ships to arrive at the harbour more easily. The high tides also help in fishing. The rise and fall of water due to tides is being used to generate electricity in some places.
• Ocean Currents:
(i) Ocean currents are streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions.
(ii) Ocean currents are of two types, warm and cold. Generally, the warm ocean currents originate near the equator and move towards the poles. The cold currents carry water from polar or higher latitudes to tropical or lower latitudes.
(iii) The Labrador ocean current is a cold current, while the Gulf Stream is a warm current.
(iv) The ocean currents influence the temperature conditions of the area. Warm currents bring about warm temperature over land surface.
(v) The areas where the warm and cold currents meet provide the best fishing grounds of the world. Seas around Japan and the eastern coast of North America are such examples.
(vi)The areas where a warm and cold current meet also experience foggy weather making it difficult for navigation.
EXERCISE
Q1. Answer the following questions.
- What is precipitation?
- What is water cycle?
- What are the factors affecting the height of the waves?
- Which factors affect the movement of ocean water?
- What are tides and how are they caused?
- What are ocean currents?
Answers:
- Precipitation: Precipitation is any form of liquid or solid water particles that fall from the atmosphere and reach the surface of Earth. This may be in the form of rain, hail, frost, fog, sleet or snow.
- Water Cycle: The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land is known as the water cycle.
- The factors affecting the height of waves are:
- The high speed of the wind
- Pushing action of winds blowing over the ocean
- Duration of wind
- The distance the wind blows on water
- Earthquake
- Volcanic Eruption
- Underwater Landslides
- The factors affecting the movement of ocean water are:
- Earth's rotation
- Salinity
- Prevailing winds
- Variation in Temperature
- The gravitational pull of sun and moon
- Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
- Tides: The rhythmic and alternate, rise and fall of ocean water twice a day is called a tide.Tides are caused due to the gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth's surface.The moon is closer to the Earth is responsible for tides to a greater extent than the Sun.When the level of the Water is highest, it is called High Tide.When the level of water is the lowest, it is called Low Tide.
- Ocean currents: Large Scale movement of water in the oceans in a definite direction are called ocean currents. The ocean currents are like rivers in the ocean that are of thousands of kilometers in length and very wide also. The ocean currents are of two types. That are- Warm Currents and Cold Currents. For example, the Labrador ocean current is cold current and the Gulf Stream is warm current.
- The garbage we throw in the ponds and the rivers.
- The dumping of toxic liquids in the rivers and oceans.
- Ocean mining in the deep sea is the main source of ocean water pollution.
- Chemicals and polluted water released from industries that polluted water.
- Remains of the harmful insecticides and pest resistants flowing in from the fields.
- Unburnt or half burnt corpses of men and animals thrown in water bodies.
- People washing clothes in rivers and ponds.
Q4. Match the following:
| (i) | Caspian Sea | (a) | Periodic rise and fall of water |
| (ii) | Tide | (b) | Largest lake |
| (iii) | Tsunami | (c) | Streams of water moving in definite paths |
| (iv) | Ocean Currents | (d) | Strong seismic waves |
Ans:
| (i) | Caspian Sea | (b) | Largest lake |
| (ii) | Tide | (a) | Periodic rise and fall of water |
| (iii) | Tsunami | (d) | Strong seismic waves |
| (iv) | Ocean Currents | (c) | Streams of water moving in definite paths |