NOTES
- Our Earth is surrounded by a huge blanket of air called atmosphere.
- All living beings on this earth depend on the atmosphere for their survival. It provides us the air we breathe and protects us from the harmful effects of the sun’s rays.
- Without this blanket of protection, we would be harmed by the heat of the sun during day and get frozen during night.
• Composition of the Atmosphere:
(i) Nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) are the two gases which make up the bulk of the atmosphere.
(ii) Carbon dioxide, helium, ozone, argon and hydrogen are found in lesser quantities.
(iii) Apart from these gases, tiny dust particles are also present in air.
(iv) Nitrogen is the most plentiful gas in the air. When we inhale, we take some amount of nitrogen into our lungs and exhale it. But plants need nitrogen for their survival. Bacteria, that live in the soil and roots of some plants, take nitrogen from the air and change its form so that plants can use it.
(v) Oxygen is the second most plentiful gas in the air. Humans and animals take oxygen from the air as they breathe. Green plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis. Hence, the oxygen content in the air remains constant. If we cut trees, then this balance gets disturbed.
(vi) Carbon dioxide is another important gas. Green plants use carbon dioxide to make their food and release oxygen. Humans or animals release carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide released by humans or animals seems to be equal to the amount used by the plants which make a perfect balance.
(vii) The balance is upset by burning of fuels, such as coal and oil. They add billions of tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year. As a result, the increased volume of carbon dioxide is affecting the earth’s weather and climate. Carbon dioxide absorbs heat and heats up the atmosphere.
• Structure of the Atmosphere:
(i) Our atmosphere is divided into five layers starting from the earth’s surface.
(ii) The first layer is the Troposphere whose average height is 13 km. The air we breathe exists here. Almost all the weather phenomena like rainfall, fog and hailstorm occur in this layer.
(iii) The second layer is the Stratosphere which extends up to 50 km. This layer is almost free from clouds and associated weather phenomenon, making conditions most ideal for flying aeroplanes.
It contains a layer of ozone gas that protects us from the sun's harmful rays.
(iv) The third layer is the Mesosphere which extends up to the height of 80 km. Meteorites burn up in this layer on entering from space.
(v) The fourth layer is the Thermosphere which extends from 80 km to 400 km. In
thermosphere, temperature rises very rapidly with increasing height. Ionosphere is a part of this layer. This layer helps in radio transmission. In fact, radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by this layer.
(vi) The uppermost layer of atmosphere is Exosphere which has very thin air. Light gases like helium and hydrogen float into the space from here.
• Weather and Climate:
(i) Weather is the hour-to-hour, day-to-day condition of the atmosphere. Weather can change dramatically from day to day.
(ii) The average weather conditions of a place for a longer period of time represents the climate of a place.
• Temperature:
(i) The degree of hotness and coldness of the air is called temperature.
(ii) The temperature of the atmosphere changes not only between day and night but also from season to season.
(iii) An important factor that influences the distribution of temperature is insolation.
(iv) Insolation is the incoming solar energy intercepted by the earth.
(v) The amount of insolation decreases from the equator towards the poles.
(vi) The temperature in cities is much higher than that of villages. The concrete and
metals in buildings and the asaphalt of roads get heated up during the day. This heat is released during the night. Also, the crowded high rise buildings of the cities trap the warm air and thus raise the temperature of the cities.
• Air Pressure:
(i) Air pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by the weight of air on the earth’s surface.
(ii) The air above us presses us with a great force on our bodies. However, we don’t
even feel it. This is because the air presses us from all directions and our body exerts a counter pressure.
(iii) As we go up the layers of atmosphere, the pressure falls rapidly. The air pressure is highest at sea level and decreases with height.
(iv) Horizontally, the distribution of air pressure is influenced by temperature of air at a given place.
(v) In areas where temperature is high the air gets heated and rises. This creates a low-pressure area. Low pressure is associated with cloudy skies and wet weather.
(vi) In areas having lower temperature, the air is cold. It is therefore heavy. Heavy air sinks and creates a high pressure area. High pressure is associated with clear and sunny skies.
(vii) The air always moves from high pressure areas to low-pressure areas.
• Wind:
(i) The movement of air from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas is called wind.
(ii) Winds can be broadly divided into three types: permanent winds, seasonal winds and local winds.
- Permanent winds – The trade winds, westerlies and easterlies are the permanent winds. These blow constantly throughout the year in a particular direction.
- Seasonal winds – These winds change their direction in different seasons. For example, monsoons in India.
- Local winds – These blow only during a particular period of the day or year in a small area. For example, land and sea breeze.
(iii) On 25 October 1999, cyclonic winds originated as a depression and affected Odisha killing thousands of people. The damages caused were mainly due to three factors: wind velocity, rain and tidal surge.
The winds of upto 260 km per hour lasted for over 36 hours. These high velocity winds uprooted trees and damaged the kutcha houses. Roof tops of several industrial sheds and other houses were also blown away. Power supply and telecom lines snapped completely.
Heavy rain occurred under the influence of the cyclone for three days continuously. These rains led to flooding in the major rivers of Odisha.
• Moisture:
(i) When water evaporates from land and another water bodies, it becomes water vapour.
(ii) Moisture in the air at any time is known as humidity. On a humid day, clothes take longer to dry and sweat from our body does not evaporate easily, making us feel very uncomfortable.
(iii) When the water vapour rises, it starts cooling. The water vapour condenses causing the formation of droplets of water. Clouds are just masses of such water droplets.
(iv) When these droplets of water become too heavy to float in air, they come down as precipitation.
(v) Precipitation that comes down to the earth in liquid form is called rain.
(vi) Jet planes flying in the sky leave a white trail behind them. The moisture from their engines condenses. We see trails of this condensed moisture for some time when there is no air movement to disturb it
(vii) On the basis of mechanism, there are three types of rainfall: the convectional rainfall, the orographic rainfall and the cyclonic rainfall.
(viii) Rainfall is very important for the survival of plants and animals. It brings fresh water to the earth’s surface. If rainfall is less – water scarcity and drought occur. On the other hand if it rains more, floods take place.
EXERCISE
Q1. Answer the following questions.
- What is atmosphere?
- Which two gases make the bulk of atmosphere?
- Which gas creates a greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?
- What is weather?
- Name three types of rainfall.
- What is air pressure?
Answers:
- A huge blanket of air that surrounds our earth is called atmosphere. All living beings on this earth depend on the atmosphere for their survival. It provides us with the air we breathe and protects us from the harmful effects of the suns rays. Without this blanket of protection, we would be baked alive by the heat of the sun during the day and get frozen during the night. So it is this mass of air that has made the temperature on the earth live able.The atmosphere has the following layers :
- Troposphere.
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere
- Exosphere
Out of these atmospheric layers, Troposphere is the most important layer of the atmosphere, which directly supports life on this planet. - (a) Nitrogen (b) Oxygen. Nitrogen is the most plentiful gas in the air. When we inhale, we take some amount of nitrogen into our lungs and exhale it. But plants too need nitrogen for their survival and cannot take it directly from the atmosphere. Bacteria in the soil take nitrogen from the air and change its form so that plants can use it. Oxygen is the second most plentiful gas in the atmosphere. Humans and animals take oxygen from the air as they breathe. Green plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis.
- Carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is used by green plants to prepare food Whereas humans and animals release carbon dioxide. This perfect balance is being upset by the burning of fuels which add billions of tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere each year. This increased volume of carbon dioxide is affecting the earth's weather and climate.
- Weather is the hour-to-hour, day to day conditions of the atmosphere. It can be described as hot, humid, cold, breezy and pleasant.
- The three types of rainfall are (a) The conventional rainfall(b) The orographic rainfall(c)The cyclonic rainfall.
- Air pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by the weight of air on the earth's surface. As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, the pressure falls rapidly. The air pressure is highest at sea level and decreases with height. The air always moves from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas.
Q2.Tick the correct answer:
- Which of the following gases protects us from harmful sun rays?(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Nitrogen (c) Ozone.Ans: (c) Ozone gas protects us from the harmful sun rays.
- The most important layer of the atmosphere is.(a) Troposphere (b)Thermosphere. (c) MesosphereAns: (a) Troposphere is the most important layer of the atmosphere.
- Which of the following layers of an atmosphere free from clouds?(a) Troposphere (b) Stratosphere (c) MesosphereAns: (b) Stratosphere layer is free from the atmosphere.
- As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, the pressure(a) Increases. (b) Decreases. (c) Remain the sameAns: (b) As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, the pressure decreases
- When precipitation comes down to the earth in liquid form, it is called:(a) Cloud (b) Rain (c) SnowAns: (b) When precipitation comes down to the earth in liquid form, it is called rain.
Q3. Match the following:
| 1 | Tradewinds | (a) | Seasonal |
| 2 | Loo | (b) | Horizontal movement of air |
| 3 | Monsoon | (c) | Permanent wind |
| 4 | Wind | (d) | Local wind |
Ans:
| 1 | Tradewinds | (c) | Permanent wind |
| 2 | Loo | (d) | Local wind |
| 3 | Monsoon | (a) | Seasonal |
| 4 | Wind | (b) | Horizontal movement of air |
Q4. Give reasons.
- Wet clothes take a longer time to dry on a humid day?Ans. On a humid day, the air has greater moisture. Hence, it is not able to carry the water vapor and so, wet clothes take a longer time to dry on a humid day. Wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day because the air has a lot of water vapour and so it can't accommodate the water vapour created by the wet clothes. So, the water remains, in the clothes for a longer time.
- Amount of insolation decreases from the equator towards poles?Ans: Insolation refers to the incoming solar power intercepted by the earth. Sunlight falls almost vertically on the equator, whereas it falls at some angles on the poles. So the amount of insolation decreases from the equator towards poles. From equator towards poles insolation comes through slanting rays. These slanting rays come on earth passing longer distance through the atmosphere. More heat is consumed in the space and atmosphere. It is because of these reasons that the amount of insolation decreases from the equator towards poles.